I’ve been doing a lot of testing with SNMP this week, and it is helpful to have an ad hoc SNMP client that can retrieve data before you go about trying to retrieve and parse data in your own code. I’m a lot more confident telling someone they gave me a bad community string if someone else’s “known working” program fails! Enter snmpwalk
Some of our devices return data out of order, so I need the -Cc (turn off check for increasing OID numbers). The following command walks the 1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.2 (ifDescr) tree for host 10.13.115.82 using the community string C0mmun1tyStr1ngH3r3:
I was curious if, instead of getting prompted for the local admin account for each application I want to remove, I could run PowerShell “as a different user” then use it to uninstall an application or list of applications. In this case, all of the .NET 6 stuff. Answer: absolutely.
# List all installed applications containing string "NET"
# Get-WmiObject -Class Win32_Product | Where-Object { $_.Name -like '*NET*' } | Select-Object -Property Name
# Define a static list of application names to uninstall
$appsToUninstall = @(
'Microsoft .NET Runtime - 6.0.36 (x86)',
'Microsoft .NET Host FX Resolver - 6.0.36 (x64)',
'Microsoft .NET Host - 6.0.36 (x64)',
'Microsoft .NET Host FX Resolver - 6.0.36 (x86)',
'Microsoft .NET Host - 6.0.36 (x86)',
'Microsoft .NET Runtime - 6.0.36 (x64)',
'Microsoft.NET.Workload.Emscripten.net6.Manifest (x64)'
)
# Loop through each application name in the static list
foreach ($appName in $appsToUninstall) {
# Find the application object by name
$app = Get-WmiObject -Class Win32_Product | Where-Object { $_.Name -eq $appName }
# Check if the application was found before attempting to uninstall
if ($app) {
Write-Output "Uninstalling $($app.Name)..."
$app.Uninstall() | Out-Null
Write-Output "$($app.Name) has been uninstalled successfully."
}
else {
Write-Output "Application $appName not found."
}
}
We upgraded Anya’s laptop to Fedora 40, and Skype has evidently moved from an installable RPM to a snap package. Which didn’t work with the firewall rules we built earlier in the year (video and audio calls would not connect); and, worse, nothing logs out. Looks like the netfilter kernel logging isn’t enabled
Enabled the logging:
echo 1 | sudo tee /proc/sys/net/netfilter/nf_log_all_netns
And, voila, we’ve got log records from nftables. And now Skype works … so I don’t know what to add. Sigh!
In testing out various ways to achieve disk compression on our PostgreSQL servers, I ended up with a server build with a version of ZFS newer that the package distribution. Which means I needed to recreate the pool to use an older version of ZFS that would be updated as part of the routine patching. Beyond backing up and restoring the data …
# Get rid of existing pool
zpool export pgpool zpool destroy pgpool zpool list # this still shows a pool on sdb
# Clear the label
zpool labelclear /dev/sdb
# Didn’t work, so blow away everything on sdb
dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sdb bs=1M count=10 wipefs -a /dev/sdb
I have no idea how exactly I managed this — but I was renewing certificates on a group of servers and had one that would not work. It’s a Java app, and it just threw a generic handshake error. Even adding debugging didn’t add any useful information. It just didn’t work. Turns out my pubilc key and private key files didn’t go together. I didn’t bother figuring out which one I got wrong — I just downloaded the zip file from our cert provider again.
Using openssl to check the modulus of the cert and key — by getting an md5 checksum of the value, it’s a little easier to compare. This public private key pair go together — they’ve got the same modulus. My original files? Not so much — two different values!
So, I know that Redis should be a data cache that can be repopulated … but we use it to calculate deltas (what was the value last time) … so repopulating the information makes the first half hour or so of calculations rather slow as the application tries redis, gets nothing, and fails back to a database query. Then we get a backlog of data to churn through, and it would just be better if the Redis cache hadn’t gone away in the first place. And if you own both servers and the files are in the same format, you could just copy the cache db from the old server to the new one. But … when you cannot just copy the file and you would really prefer the data not disappear and need to be repopulated … there’s a script for that! This python script reads all of the data from the “old” server and populates it into the “new” server.
import redis
def migrate_data(redis_source_host, redis_source_port, redis_source_db, redis_source_password,
redis_dest_host, redis_dest_port, redis_dest_db, redis_dest_password):
# Connect to the source Redis server
source_client = redis.StrictRedis(host=redis_source_host, port=redis_source_port, db=redis_source_db, password=redis_source_password)
# Connect to the destination Redis server
dest_client = redis.StrictRedis(host=redis_dest_host, port=redis_dest_port, db=redis_dest_db, password=redis_dest_password)
# Fetch all keys from the source Redis
keys = source_client.keys('*')
for key in keys:
# Get the type of the key
key_type = source_client.type(key).decode('utf-8')
if key_type == 'string':
value = source_client.get(key)
print("Setting string value in dest")
dest_client.set(key, value)
elif key_type == 'list':
values = source_client.lrange(key, 0, -1)
print("Setting list value in dest")
dest_client.delete(key) # Ensure the list is empty before pushing
for value in values:
dest_client.rpush(key, value)
elif key_type == 'set':
values = source_client.smembers(key)
print("Setting set value in dest")
dest_client.delete(key) # Ensure the set is empty before pushing
for value in values:
dest_client.sadd(key, value)
elif key_type == 'zset':
values = source_client.zrange(key, 0, -1, withscores=True)
print("Setting zset value in dest")
dest_client.delete(key) # Ensure the zset is empty before pushing
for value, score in values:
dest_client.zadd(key, {value: score})
elif key_type == 'hash':
values = source_client.hgetall(key)
print("Setting hash value in dest")
dest_client.delete(key) # Ensure the hash is empty before pushing
dest_client.hmset(key, values)
print("Data migration completed.")
if __name__ == "__main__":
# Source Redis server details
redis_source_host = 'oldredis.example.com'
redis_source_port = 6379
redis_source_db = 0
redis_source_password = 'SourceRedisPassword'
# Destination Redis server details
redis_dest_host = 'newredis.example.com'
redis_dest_port = 6379
redis_dest_db = 0
redis_dest_password = 'DestRedisPassword'
# Migrate data
migrate_data(redis_source_host, redis_source_port, redis_source_db, redis_source_password,
redis_dest_host, redis_dest_port, redis_dest_db, redis_dest_password)
As communication between development and production platforms is limited for security and data integrity reasons, this creates a challenge when testing changes in development: we cannot access “real world” data with which to perform tests. Having a limited set of data in development means testing may not illuminate issues that occur at high volume or on a large scale.
Solution
While limiting communication between the prod and dev systems is reasonable, it would be beneficial to be able to replay production-like data within our development systems for testing purposes. While it is not cost effective to buy large network devices with thousands of interfaces for testing, the Python module snmpsim provides “canned responses” that simulate real devise on the production network. For simplicity, I have a bash script that launches the SNMP responder.
This responder will replay data stored in the directory /opt/snmp/snmpsim/data – any file ending in snmprec will be included in the response, and the filename prior to .snmprec is the community string to access the response data. E.G. public.snmprec is the data for the public community string
The response files are in the format OID|TAG|VALUE where OID is the OID number of the SNMP object, TAG is an integer defined at https://pypi.org/project/snmpsim/0.2.3/
Valid tag values and their corresponding ASN.1/SNMP types are:
ASN.1/SNMP Type
Tag Value
Integer32
2
Octet String
4
Null
5
Object Identifier
6
IP Address
64
Counter32
65
Gauge32
66
Time Ticks
67
Opaque
68
Counter65
70
And the value is the data to be returned for the OID object. As an example:
1.3.6.1.2.1.1.3.0|67|2293092270
1.3.6.1.2.1.1.3.0 is the sysUpTime, the data type is TimeTicks, and the system up time is 2293092270 hundredths of a second. Or 6375 hours, 20 minutes, and 24 seconds.
Items within the response file need to be listed in ascending order.
Generating Response Data
There are two methods for creating the data provided to an SNMP GET request. A response file can be created manually, populated with OID objects that should be included in the response as well as sample data. Alternatively, a network trace can be gathered from the production network and parsed to create the response file.
Manually Generated Response File
While you can literally type data into a response file, but it is far easier to use a script to generate sample data. /opt/snmp/snmpsim/_genData.py is an example of creating a response file for about 1,000 interfaces
from datetime import datetime
import random
iRangeMax = 1000
dictTags = {'Integer': '2', 'OctetString': '4', 'NULL': '5', 'ObjectIdentifier': '6', 'IPAddress': '64', 'Counter32': '65', 'Gauge32': '66', 'TimeTicks': '67', 'Opaque': '68','Counter64': '70'} # Valid tags per https://pypi.org/project/snmpsim/0.2.3/
today = datetime.now()
iftable_snmp_objects = [
('1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.1', 'Integer', lambda i: i), # ifIndex
('1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.2', 'OctetString', lambda i: f"SampleInterface{i}"), # ifDescr
('1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.3', 'Integer', lambda i: 6), # ifType
('1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.4', 'Integer', lambda i: 1500), # ifMtu
('1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.5', 'Gauge32', lambda i: 100000000), # ifSpeed
('1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.6', 'OctetString', lambda i: f"00:00:00:00:{format(i, '02x')[:2]}:{format(i, '02x')[-2:]}"), # ifPhysAddress
('1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.7', 'Integer', lambda i: 1), # ifAdminStatus
('1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.8', 'Integer', lambda i: 1), # ifOperStatus
('1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.9', 'TimeTicks', lambda i: int((datetime.now() - datetime(2024, random.randint(1, today.month), random.randint(1, today.day))).total_seconds()) * 100), # ifLastChange
('1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.10', 'Counter32', lambda i: random.randint(3, i*50000)), # ifInOctets
('1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.11', 'Counter32', lambda i: random.randint(3, i*50000)), # ifInUcastPkts
('1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.12', 'Counter32', lambda i: random.randint(0, 80)), # ifInNUcastPkts
('1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.13', 'Counter32', lambda i: random.randint(0, 80)), # ifInDiscards
('1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.14', 'Counter32', lambda i: random.randint(0, 80)), # ifInErrors
('1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.15', 'Counter32', lambda i: random.randint(3, i*50000)), # ifInUnknownProtos
('1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.16', 'Counter32', lambda i: random.randint(3, i*50000)), # ifOutOctets
('1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.17', 'Counter32', lambda i: random.randint(3, i*50000)), # ifOutUcastPkts
('1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.18', 'Counter32', lambda i: random.randint(3, i*50000)), # ifOutNUcastPkts
('1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.19', 'Counter32', lambda i: random.randint(0, 80)), # ifOutDiscards
('1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.20', 'Counter32', lambda i: random.randint(0, 80)), # ifOutErrors
]
ifxtable_snmp_objects = [
('1.3.6.1.2.1.31.1.1.1.1', 'OctetString', lambda i: f"SampleInterface{i}"), # ifName
('1.3.6.1.2.1.31.1.1.1.15', 'Gauge32', lambda i: "100"), # ifHighSpeed
('1.3.6.1.2.1.31.1.1.1.6', 'Counter32', lambda i: random.randint(3, i*50000)), # ifHCInOctets
('1.3.6.1.2.1.31.1.1.1.10', 'Counter32', lambda i: random.randint(3, i*60000)), # ifHCOutOctets
]
# Print IFTable data
for oid_base, tag_type, value_func in iftable_snmp_objects:
for i in range(1, iRangeMax+1):
value = value_func(i)
print(f"{oid_base}.{i}|{dictTags.get(tag_type)}|{value}")
# IP-MIB objects for managing IP addressing
# ipAdEntAddr: The IP address to which this entry's addressing information pertains
print(f"1.3.6.1.2.1.4.20.1.1|{dictTags.get('IPAddress')}|10.5.5.5")
# ipAdEntIfIndex: The index value which uniquely identifies the interface to which this entry is applicable
print(f"1.3.6.1.2.1.4.20.1.2|{dictTags.get('OctetString')}|1")
# ipAdEntNetMask: The subnet mask associated with the IP address of this entry
print(f"1.3.6.1.2.1.4.20.1.3|{dictTags.get('OctetString')}|255.255.255.0")
# hrSWRunIndex: An index uniquely identifying a row in the hrSWRun table
print(f"1.3.6.1.2.1.25.4.2.1.1.1|{dictTags.get('Integer')}|1")
# hrSWRunName: The name of the software running on this device
print(f"1.3.6.1.2.1.25.4.2.1.2.1|{dictTags.get('OctetString')}|LJRSNMPAgent")
# hrSWRunID: The product ID of the software running on this device
print(f"1.3.6.1.2.1.25.4.2.1.3.1|{dictTags.get('ObjectIdentifier')}|1.3.6.1.4.1.25709.55")
# hrSWRunPath: The path of the software running on this device
print(f"1.3.6.1.2.1.25.4.2.1.4.1|{dictTags.get('OctetString')}|/opt/snmp/snmpsim/_agent.sh")
# hrSWRunParameters: Operational parameters for the software running on this device
print(f"1.3.6.1.2.1.25.4.2.1.5.1|{dictTags.get('OctetString')}|-L")
# hrSWRunType: The type of software running (e.g., operating system, application)
print(f"1.3.6.1.2.1.25.4.2.1.6.1|{dictTags.get('Integer')}|4")
# hrSWRunStatus: The status of this software (running, runnable, notRunnable, invalid)
print(f"1.3.6.1.2.1.25.4.2.1.7.1|{dictTags.get('Integer')}|1")
for oid_base, tag_type, value_func in ifxtable_snmp_objects:
for i in range(1, iRangeMax+1):
value = value_func(i)
print(f"{oid_base}.{i}|{dictTags.get(tag_type)}|{value}")
Network Capture
Even better, parse a network capture file.
Capture Data
On the server that gathers SNMP data from the host we want to simulate, use a network capture utility to gather the SNMP communication between the server and the desired device.
tcpdump -i <interface> -w <filename>.pcap
E.G. to record the communication with 10.5.171.114
tcpdump ‘host 10.5.171.114 and (tcp port 161 or tcp port 162 or udp port 161 or udp port 162)’ -w /tmp/ar.pcap
Note – there Is no benefit to capturing more than one cycle of SNMP responses. If data is captured immediately, that means the devices were in the middle of a cycle. End the capture and start a new one shortly. There should be no packets captured for a bit, then packets during the SNMP polling cycle, and then another pause until the next cycle.
Parsing The Capture Data Into A Response File
The following script parses the capture file into an snmprec response file – note, I needed to use 2.6.0rc1 of scapy to parse SNMP data. The 2.5.0 release version failed to parse most of the packets which I believe is related to https://github.com/secdev/scapy/issues/3900
from scapy.all import rdpcap, SNMP
from scapy.layers.inet import UDP
from scapy.packet import Raw
from scapy.layers.snmp import SNMP, SNMPvarbind, SNMPresponse, SNMPbulk
from scapy.all import conf, load_layer
from scapy.utils import hexdump
from scapy.all import UDP, load_contrib
from scapy.packet import bind_layers
import os
from datetime import datetime
import argparse
# Ensure Scapy's SNMP contributions are loaded
load_contrib("snmp")
def sort_by_oid(listSNMPResponses):
"""
Sorts a list of "OID|TAG|Value" strings by the OID numerically and hierarchically.
:param listSNMPResponses: A list of "OID|TAG|Value" strings.
:return: A list of "OID|TAG|Value" strings sorted by OID.
"""
# Split each element into a tuple of (OID list, original string), converting OID to integers for proper comparison
oid_tuples = [(list(map(int, element.split('|')[0].split('.'))), element) for element in listSNMPResponses]
# Sort the list of tuples by the OID part (the list of integers)
sorted_oid_tuples = sorted(oid_tuples, key=lambda x: x[0])
# Extract the original strings from the sorted list of tuples
sorted_listSNMPResponses = [element[1] for element in sorted_oid_tuples]
return sorted_listSNMPResponses
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='This script converts an SNMP packet capture into a snmpsim response file')
parser.add_argument('--filename', '-f', help='The capture file to process', required=True)
args = parser.parse_args()
strFullCaptureFilePath = args.filename
strCaptureFilePath, strCaptureFileName = os.path.split(strFullCaptureFilePath)
# Valid tags per https://pypi.org/project/snmpsim/0.2.3/
dictTags = {'ASN1_INTEGER': '2', 'ASN1_STRING': '4', 'ASN1_NULL': '5', 'ASN1_OID': '6', 'ASN1_IPADDRESS': '64', 'ASN1_COUNTER32': '65', 'ASN1_GAUGE32': '66', 'ASN1_TIME_TICKS': '67', 'Opaque': '68','ASN1_COUNTER64': '70'}
listSNMPResponses = []
listSNMPResponses.append("1.3.6.1.2.1.25.4.2.1.1.1|2|1")
listSNMPResponses.append("1.3.6.1.2.1.25.4.2.1.2.1|4|LJRSNMPAgent")
listSNMPResponses.append("1.3.6.1.2.1.25.4.2.1.3.1|6|1.3.6.1.4.1.25709.55")
listSNMPResponses.append("1.3.6.1.2.1.25.4.2.1.4.1|4|/opt/snmp/snmpsim/_agent.sh")
listSNMPResponses.append("1.3.6.1.2.1.25.4.2.1.5.1|4|-L")
listSNMPResponses.append("1.3.6.1.2.1.25.4.2.1.6.1|2|4")
listSNMPResponses.append("1.3.6.1.2.1.25.4.2.1.7.1|2|1")
i = 0
if True:
packets = rdpcap(strFullCaptureFilePath)
# Packets are zero indexed, so packet 1 in script is packet 2 in Wireshark GUI
#for i in range(0,4):
for packet in packets:
print(f"Working on packet {i}")
i = i + 1
if SNMP in packet:
snmp_layer = packet[SNMP]
if isinstance(packet[SNMP].PDU,SNMPresponse):
snmp_response = snmp_layer.getfield_and_val('PDU')[1]
if hasattr(snmp_response, 'varbindlist') and snmp_response.varbindlist is not None:
for varbind in snmp_response.varbindlist:
strOID = varbind.oid.val if hasattr(varbind.oid, 'val') else str(varbind.oid)
strValue = varbind.value.val if hasattr(varbind.value, 'val') else str(varbind.value)
strType = type(varbind.value).__name__
if dictTags.get(strType):
iType = dictTags.get(strType)
else:
iType = strType
if isinstance(strValue, bytes):
print(f"Decoding {strValue}")
strValue = strValue.decode('utf-8',errors='ignore')
print(f"OID: {strOID}, Type: {strType}, Tag: {iType}, Value: {strValue}")
listSNMPResponses.append(f"{strOID}|{iType}|{strValue}")
else:
print(f"Not a response -- type is {type(packet[SNMP].PDU)}")
elif Raw in packet:
print(f"I have a raw packet at {i}")
else:
print(dir(packet))
print(f"No SNMP or Raw in {i}: {packet}")
# Sort by OID numbers
listSortedSNMPResponses = sort_by_oid(listSNMPResponses)
f = open(f'/opt/snmp/snmpsim/data/{datetime.now().strftime("%Y%m%d")}-{strCaptureFileName.rsplit(".", 1)[0]}.deactivated', "w")
for strSNMPResponse in listSortedSNMPResponses:
print(strSNMPResponse)
f.write(strSNMPResponse)
f.write("\n")
f.close()
This will create an snmpsim response file at /opt/snmp/snmpsim/data named as the capture file prefixed with the current year, month, and date. I.E. My ar.cap file results are /opt/snmp/snmpsim/data/20240705-ar.deactivated – you can then copy the file to whatever community string you want – cp 20240705-ar.deactivated CommunityString.snmprec
Column is an interesting command – it will turn delimited text into, well, columns. Simply tell it you want a table (-t) and indicate what separator to use (-s). Optionally, you can add table column headers
[lisa@linux01 ~/]# cat /etc/group | column -t -s :
root x 0 root,lisa
bin x 1
daemon x 2
...
passim x 987
Alternately, you can use -J to get JSON-formatted output. Here you need the –table-columns as a comma delimited list of column names:
################################################################################
## Install from Repo and Sign Modules
################################################################################
yum install https://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/epel-release-latest-8.noarch.rpm
yum install kernel-devel
# Install kmod version of ZS
yum install https://zfsonlinux.org/epel/zfs-release-2-3$(rpm --eval "%{dist}").noarch.rpm
dnf config-manager --disable zfs
dnf config-manager --enable zfs-kmod
yum install zfs
# And autoload
echo zfs >/etc/modules-load.d/zfs.conf
# Use rpm -ql to list out the kernel modules that this version of ZFS uses -- 2.1.x has quite a few of them, and they each need to be signed
# Sign zfs.ko and spl.ko in current kernel
/usr/src/kernels/$(uname -r)/scripts/sign-file sha256 /root/signing/MOK.priv /root/signing/MOK.der /lib/modules/$(uname -r)/weak-updates/zfs/zfs/zfs.ko
/usr/src/kernels/$(uname -r)/scripts/sign-file sha256 /root/signing/MOK.priv /root/signing/MOK.der /lib/modules/$(uname -r)/weak-updates/zfs/spl/spl.ko
# And sign the bunch of other ko files in the n-1 kernel rev (these are symlinked from the current kernel)
/usr/src/kernels/$(uname -r)/scripts/sign-file sha256 /root/signing/MOK.priv /root/signing/MOK.der /lib/modules/4.18.0-513.18.1.el8_9.x86_64/extra/zfs/avl/zavl.ko
/usr/src/kernels/$(uname -r)/scripts/sign-file sha256 /root/signing/MOK.priv /root/signing/MOK.der /lib/modules/4.18.0-513.18.1.el8_9.x86_64/extra/zfs/icp/icp.ko
/usr/src/kernels/$(uname -r)/scripts/sign-file sha256 /root/signing/MOK.priv /root/signing/MOK.der /lib/modules/4.18.0-513.18.1.el8_9.x86_64/extra/zfs/lua/zlua.ko
/usr/src/kernels/$(uname -r)/scripts/sign-file sha256 /root/signing/MOK.priv /root/signing/MOK.der /lib/modules/4.18.0-513.18.1.el8_9.x86_64/extra/zfs/nvpair/znvpair.ko
/usr/src/kernels/$(uname -r)/scripts/sign-file sha256 /root/signing/MOK.priv /root/signing/MOK.der /lib/modules/4.18.0-513.18.1.el8_9.x86_64/extra/zfs/unicode/zunicode.ko
/usr/src/kernels/$(uname -r)/scripts/sign-file sha256 /root/signing/MOK.priv /root/signing/MOK.der /lib/modules/4.18.0-513.18.1.el8_9.x86_64/extra/zfs/common/zcommon.ko
/usr/src/kernels/$(uname -r)/scripts/sign-file sha256 /root/signing/MOK.priv /root/signing/MOK.der /lib/modules/4.18.0-513.18.1.el8_9.x86_64/extra/zfs/zstd/zzstd.ko
# Verify they are signed now
modinfo -F signer /usr/lib/modules/$(uname -r)/weak-updates/zfs/zfs/zfs.ko
modinfo -F signer /usr/lib/modules/$(uname -r)/weak-updates/zfs/spl/spl.ko
modinfo -F signer /lib/modules/4.18.0-513.18.1.el8_9.x86_64/extra/zfs/avl/zavl.ko
modinfo -F signer /lib/modules/4.18.0-513.18.1.el8_9.x86_64/extra/zfs/icp/icp.ko
modinfo -F signer /lib/modules/4.18.0-513.18.1.el8_9.x86_64/extra/zfs/lua/zlua.ko
modinfo -F signer /lib/modules/4.18.0-513.18.1.el8_9.x86_64/extra/zfs/nvpair/znvpair.ko
modinfo -F signer /lib/modules/4.18.0-513.18.1.el8_9.x86_64/extra/zfs/unicode/zunicode.ko
modinfo -F signer /lib/modules/4.18.0-513.18.1.el8_9.x86_64/extra/zfs/zcommon/zcommon.ko
modinfo -F signer /lib/modules/4.18.0-513.18.1.el8_9.x86_64/extra/zfs/zstd/zzstd.ko
# Reboot
init 6
# And we've got ZFS, so create the pool
zpool create pgpool sdc
zfs create zpool/zdata
zfs set compression=lz4 zpool/zdata
zfs get compressratio zpool/zdata
zfs set mountpoint=/zpool/zdata zpool/zdata
What happens if you only sign zfs.ko? All sorts of errors that look like there’s some sort of other problem — zfs will not load. It will tell you the required key is not available
May 22 23:42:44 sandboxserver systemd-modules-load[492]: Failed to insert 'zfs': Required key not available
Using insmod to try to manually load it will tell you there are dozens of unknown symbols:
May 22 23:23:23 sandboxserver kernel: zfs: Unknown symbol ddi_strtoll (err 0)
May 22 23:23:23 sandboxserver kernel: zfs: Unknown symbol spl_vmem_alloc (err 0)
May 22 23:23:23 sandboxserver kernel: zfs: Unknown symbol taskq_empty_ent (err 0)
May 22 23:23:23 sandboxserver kernel: zfs: Unknown symbol zone_get_hostid (err 0)
May 22 23:23:23 sandboxserver kernel: zfs: Unknown symbol tsd_set (err 0)
But the real problem is that there are unsigned modules so … there are unknown symbols. But not because something is incompatible. Just because the module providing that symbol will not load.
