Author: Lisa

Migrating Redis Data

So, I know that Redis should be a data cache that can be repopulated … but we use it to calculate deltas (what was the value last time) … so repopulating the information makes the first half hour or so of calculations rather slow as the application tries redis, gets nothing, and fails back to a database query. Then we get a backlog of data to churn through, and it would just be better if the Redis cache hadn’t gone away in the first place. And if you own both servers and the files are in the same format, you could just copy the cache db from the old server to the new one. But … when you cannot just copy the file and you would really prefer the data not disappear and need to be repopulated … there’s a script for that! This python script reads all of the data from the “old” server and populates it into the “new” server. 

import redis

def migrate_data(redis_source_host, redis_source_port, redis_source_db, redis_source_password,
                 redis_dest_host, redis_dest_port, redis_dest_db, redis_dest_password):
    # Connect to the source Redis server
    source_client = redis.StrictRedis(host=redis_source_host, port=redis_source_port, db=redis_source_db, password=redis_source_password)

    # Connect to the destination Redis server
    dest_client = redis.StrictRedis(host=redis_dest_host, port=redis_dest_port, db=redis_dest_db, password=redis_dest_password)

    # Fetch all keys from the source Redis
    keys = source_client.keys('*')

    for key in keys:
        # Get the type of the key
        key_type = source_client.type(key).decode('utf-8')

        if key_type == 'string':
            value = source_client.get(key)
            print("Setting string value in dest")
            dest_client.set(key, value)
        elif key_type == 'list':
            values = source_client.lrange(key, 0, -1)
            print("Setting list value in dest")
            dest_client.delete(key)  # Ensure the list is empty before pushing
            for value in values:
                dest_client.rpush(key, value)
        elif key_type == 'set':
            values = source_client.smembers(key)
            print("Setting set value in dest")
            dest_client.delete(key)  # Ensure the set is empty before pushing
            for value in values:
                dest_client.sadd(key, value)
        elif key_type == 'zset':
            values = source_client.zrange(key, 0, -1, withscores=True)
            print("Setting zset value in dest")
            dest_client.delete(key)  # Ensure the zset is empty before pushing
            for value, score in values:
                dest_client.zadd(key, {value: score})
        elif key_type == 'hash':
            values = source_client.hgetall(key)
            print("Setting hash value in dest")
            dest_client.delete(key)  # Ensure the hash is empty before pushing
            dest_client.hmset(key, values)

    print("Data migration completed.")

if __name__ == "__main__":
    # Source Redis server details
    redis_source_host = 'oldredis.example.com'
    redis_source_port = 6379
    redis_source_db = 0
    redis_source_password = 'SourceRedisPassword'

    # Destination Redis server details
    redis_dest_host = 'newredis.example.com'
    redis_dest_port = 6379
    redis_dest_db = 0
    redis_dest_password = 'DestRedisPassword'

    # Migrate data
    migrate_data(redis_source_host, redis_source_port, redis_source_db, redis_source_password,
                 redis_dest_host, redis_dest_port, redis_dest_db, redis_dest_password)

Phlox

We have wild phlox that is purple and we have wild phlox that is white. But every now and again we get one that is white with purple stripes, and I love those. Anya dug this one up from the field and planted it in my bee garden last year, and it is huge this year. And still has the striped flowers that I love!

Nesting Instinct — Duck Edition

One of our Pekin ducks has gone broody — but people have managed to sufficiently breed out brooding instinct to what I call “short attention span nesting”. She absolutely needs to sit on a nest. For about 20 minutes, then she’s ready for a swim in the pond or some chow. Which means we wouldn’t trust them to hatch eggs — we’ve got incubators for that. She has, however, figured out a reasonable solution: pinecones. No one takes them from her .She can even leave them out in the yard overnight and the marauding racoon will leave it alone. She built a very convincing nest in our pine trees (and was frantically trying to escape the fence to go sit on the nest) … so Anya relocated it into the duck yard and got the duck over to it. Now she’s got a nest inside the fence to sit on for half an hour and doesn’t seem so compelled to escape.

Homemade Jerky

Scott got some jerky from a local butcher — something like twenty bucks, and he could have eaten it as a snack one night and been done. It was really good, though, and inspired me to research making our own. In an amazing coincidence, a local grocery store put a lot of eye of round on FlashFood,  so I was able to get about 5kg (~11 pounds) of beef for $3/lb.

I made two different recipes — one with smokey guajillo peppers that I use for chili and one with hot pepper flakes. The base marinade was the same, though: for every 1.5 kg of beef, use 1 cup soy sauce, 1/4 cup maple syrup, 2 tbs garlic, 1/3 cup medium ground black pepper, and 1 cup of water. To one batch, I added about 1 tablespoon of red pepper flakes. To the other, I broke up and added pieces (including seeds) of two dried guajillo peppers.

I used the food slicer to slice the meat about 1/4″ thick (we prefer the thicker slices it turns out). Unfortunately, the clearance beef was pre-cut into medallions. Another ‘note for next time’ is to cut with the grain instead of across!

Tossed this in the marinade to coat well, then put it all into a glass food storage container, and left it in the fridge overnight.

The next day, I dried the slices off slightly and laid them out across the food dehydrator trays. I was able to “cook” it all in two batches.

Let the food dehydrator “cook” for about 6 hours at 165F, and we’ve got homemade beef jerky!

and

SNMP Simulator

Background

As communication between development and production platforms is limited for security and data integrity reasons, this creates a challenge when testing changes in development: we cannot access “real world” data with which to perform tests. Having a limited set of data in development means testing may not illuminate issues that occur at high volume or on a large scale.

Solution

While limiting communication between the prod and dev systems is reasonable, it would be beneficial to be able to replay production-like data within our development systems for testing purposes. While it is not cost effective to buy large network devices with thousands of interfaces for testing, the Python module snmpsim provides “canned responses” that simulate real devise on the production network. For simplicity, I have a bash script that launches the SNMP responder.

server03:snmpsim # cat ../_playback.sh

#!/bin/bash

snmpsimd.py –data-dir=/opt/snmp/snmpsim/data –cache-dir=/opt/snmp/snmpsim/cache –agent-udpv4-endpoint=0.0.0.0:161 –process-user=ljrsnmp –process-group=ljrsnmp

This responder will replay data stored in the directory /opt/snmp/snmpsim/data – any file ending in snmprec will be included in the response, and the filename prior to .snmprec is the community string to access the response data. E.G. public.snmprec is the data for the public community string

The response files are in the format OID|TAG|VALUE where OID is the OID number of the SNMP object, TAG is an integer defined at https://pypi.org/project/snmpsim/0.2.3/

Valid tag values and their corresponding ASN.1/SNMP types are:

ASN.1/SNMP TypeTag Value
Integer322
Octet String4
Null5
Object Identifier6
IP Address64
Counter3265
Gauge3266
Time Ticks67
Opaque68
Counter6570

And the value is the data to be returned for the OID object. As an example:

1.3.6.1.2.1.1.3.0|67|2293092270

1.3.6.1.2.1.1.3.0 is the sysUpTime, the data type is TimeTicks, and the system up time is 2293092270 hundredths of a second. Or 6375 hours, 20 minutes, and 24 seconds.

Items within the response file need to be listed in ascending order.

Generating Response Data

There are two methods for creating the data provided to an SNMP GET request. A response file can be created manually, populated with OID objects that should be included in the response as well as sample data. Alternatively, a network trace can be gathered from the production network and parsed to create the response file.

Manually Generated Response File

While you can literally type data into a response file, but it is far easier to use a script to generate sample data. /opt/snmp/snmpsim/_genData.py is an example of creating a response file for about 1,000 interfaces

from datetime import datetime
import random

iRangeMax = 1000

dictTags = {'Integer': '2', 'OctetString': '4', 'NULL': '5', 'ObjectIdentifier': '6', 'IPAddress': '64', 'Counter32': '65', 'Gauge32': '66', 'TimeTicks': '67', 'Opaque': '68','Counter64': '70'}  # Valid tags per https://pypi.org/project/snmpsim/0.2.3/

today = datetime.now()

iftable_snmp_objects = [
    ('1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.1', 'Integer', lambda i: i),  # ifIndex
    ('1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.2', 'OctetString', lambda i: f"SampleInterface{i}"),  # ifDescr
    ('1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.3', 'Integer', lambda i: 6),  # ifType
    ('1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.4', 'Integer', lambda i: 1500),  # ifMtu
    ('1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.5', 'Gauge32', lambda i: 100000000),  # ifSpeed
    ('1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.6', 'OctetString', lambda i: f"00:00:00:00:{format(i, '02x')[:2]}:{format(i, '02x')[-2:]}"),  # ifPhysAddress
    ('1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.7', 'Integer', lambda i: 1),  # ifAdminStatus
    ('1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.8', 'Integer', lambda i: 1),  # ifOperStatus
    ('1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.9', 'TimeTicks', lambda i: int((datetime.now() - datetime(2024, random.randint(1, today.month), random.randint(1, today.day))).total_seconds()) * 100),  # ifLastChange
    ('1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.10', 'Counter32', lambda i: random.randint(3, i*50000)),  # ifInOctets
    ('1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.11', 'Counter32', lambda i: random.randint(3, i*50000)),  # ifInUcastPkts
    ('1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.12', 'Counter32', lambda i: random.randint(0, 80)),  # ifInNUcastPkts
    ('1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.13', 'Counter32', lambda i: random.randint(0, 80)),  # ifInDiscards
    ('1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.14', 'Counter32', lambda i: random.randint(0, 80)),  # ifInErrors
    ('1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.15', 'Counter32', lambda i: random.randint(3, i*50000)),  # ifInUnknownProtos
    ('1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.16', 'Counter32', lambda i: random.randint(3, i*50000)),  # ifOutOctets
    ('1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.17', 'Counter32', lambda i: random.randint(3, i*50000)),  # ifOutUcastPkts
    ('1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.18', 'Counter32', lambda i: random.randint(3, i*50000)),  # ifOutNUcastPkts
    ('1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.19', 'Counter32', lambda i: random.randint(0, 80)),  # ifOutDiscards
    ('1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.20', 'Counter32', lambda i: random.randint(0, 80)),  # ifOutErrors
]

ifxtable_snmp_objects = [
    ('1.3.6.1.2.1.31.1.1.1.1', 'OctetString', lambda i: f"SampleInterface{i}"),  # ifName
    ('1.3.6.1.2.1.31.1.1.1.15', 'Gauge32', lambda i: "100"),  # ifHighSpeed
    ('1.3.6.1.2.1.31.1.1.1.6', 'Counter32', lambda i: random.randint(3, i*50000)),  # ifHCInOctets
    ('1.3.6.1.2.1.31.1.1.1.10', 'Counter32', lambda i: random.randint(3, i*60000)),  # ifHCOutOctets
]

# Print IFTable data
for oid_base, tag_type, value_func in iftable_snmp_objects:
    for i in range(1, iRangeMax+1):
        value = value_func(i)
        print(f"{oid_base}.{i}|{dictTags.get(tag_type)}|{value}")

# IP-MIB objects for managing IP addressing
# ipAdEntAddr: The IP address to which this entry's addressing information pertains
print(f"1.3.6.1.2.1.4.20.1.1|{dictTags.get('IPAddress')}|10.5.5.5")

# ipAdEntIfIndex: The index value which uniquely identifies the interface to which this entry is applicable
print(f"1.3.6.1.2.1.4.20.1.2|{dictTags.get('OctetString')}|1")

# ipAdEntNetMask: The subnet mask associated with the IP address of this entry
print(f"1.3.6.1.2.1.4.20.1.3|{dictTags.get('OctetString')}|255.255.255.0")

# hrSWRunIndex: An index uniquely identifying a row in the hrSWRun table
print(f"1.3.6.1.2.1.25.4.2.1.1.1|{dictTags.get('Integer')}|1")

# hrSWRunName: The name of the software running on this device
print(f"1.3.6.1.2.1.25.4.2.1.2.1|{dictTags.get('OctetString')}|LJRSNMPAgent")
# hrSWRunID: The product ID of the software running on this device
print(f"1.3.6.1.2.1.25.4.2.1.3.1|{dictTags.get('ObjectIdentifier')}|1.3.6.1.4.1.25709.55")

# hrSWRunPath: The path of the software running on this device
print(f"1.3.6.1.2.1.25.4.2.1.4.1|{dictTags.get('OctetString')}|/opt/snmp/snmpsim/_agent.sh")

# hrSWRunParameters: Operational parameters for the software running on this device
print(f"1.3.6.1.2.1.25.4.2.1.5.1|{dictTags.get('OctetString')}|-L")

# hrSWRunType: The type of software running (e.g., operating system, application)
print(f"1.3.6.1.2.1.25.4.2.1.6.1|{dictTags.get('Integer')}|4")

# hrSWRunStatus: The status of this software (running, runnable, notRunnable, invalid)
print(f"1.3.6.1.2.1.25.4.2.1.7.1|{dictTags.get('Integer')}|1")


for oid_base, tag_type, value_func in ifxtable_snmp_objects:
    for i in range(1, iRangeMax+1):
        value = value_func(i)
        print(f"{oid_base}.{i}|{dictTags.get(tag_type)}|{value}")

Network Capture

Even better, parse a network capture file.

Capture Data

On the server that gathers SNMP data from the host we want to simulate, use a network capture utility to gather the SNMP communication between the server and the desired device.

tcpdump -i <interface> -w <filename>.pcap

E.G. to record the communication with 10.5.171.114

tcpdump ‘host 10.5.171.114 and (tcp port 161 or tcp port 162 or udp port 161 or udp port 162)’ -w /tmp/ar.pcap

Note – there Is no benefit to capturing more than one cycle of SNMP responses. If data is captured immediately, that means the devices were in the middle of a cycle. End the capture and start a new one shortly. There should be no packets captured for a bit, then packets during the SNMP polling cycle, and then another pause until the next cycle.

Parsing The Capture Data Into A Response File

The following script parses the capture file into an snmprec response file – note, I needed to use 2.6.0rc1 of scapy to parse SNMP data. The 2.5.0 release version failed to parse most of the packets which I believe is related to https://github.com/secdev/scapy/issues/3900

from scapy.all import rdpcap, SNMP
from scapy.layers.inet import UDP
from scapy.packet import Raw
from scapy.layers.snmp import SNMP, SNMPvarbind, SNMPresponse, SNMPbulk
from scapy.all import conf, load_layer
from scapy.utils import hexdump

from scapy.all import UDP, load_contrib
from scapy.packet import bind_layers

import os
from datetime import datetime
import argparse

# Ensure Scapy's SNMP contributions are loaded
load_contrib("snmp")

def sort_by_oid(listSNMPResponses):
    """
    Sorts a list of "OID|TAG|Value" strings by the OID numerically and hierarchically.

    :param listSNMPResponses: A list of "OID|TAG|Value" strings.
    :return: A list of "OID|TAG|Value" strings sorted by OID.
    """
    # Split each element into a tuple of (OID list, original string), converting OID to integers for proper comparison
    oid_tuples = [(list(map(int, element.split('|')[0].split('.'))), element) for element in listSNMPResponses]

    # Sort the list of tuples by the OID part (the list of integers)
    sorted_oid_tuples = sorted(oid_tuples, key=lambda x: x[0])

    # Extract the original strings from the sorted list of tuples
    sorted_listSNMPResponses = [element[1] for element in sorted_oid_tuples]

    return sorted_listSNMPResponses

parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='This script converts an SNMP packet capture into a snmpsim response file')
parser.add_argument('--filename', '-f', help='The capture file to process', required=True)

args = parser.parse_args()
strFullCaptureFilePath = args.filename
strCaptureFilePath, strCaptureFileName = os.path.split(strFullCaptureFilePath)


# Valid tags per https://pypi.org/project/snmpsim/0.2.3/
dictTags = {'ASN1_INTEGER': '2', 'ASN1_STRING': '4', 'ASN1_NULL': '5', 'ASN1_OID': '6', 'ASN1_IPADDRESS': '64', 'ASN1_COUNTER32': '65', 'ASN1_GAUGE32': '66', 'ASN1_TIME_TICKS': '67', 'Opaque': '68','ASN1_COUNTER64': '70'}

listSNMPResponses = []
listSNMPResponses.append("1.3.6.1.2.1.25.4.2.1.1.1|2|1")
listSNMPResponses.append("1.3.6.1.2.1.25.4.2.1.2.1|4|LJRSNMPAgent")
listSNMPResponses.append("1.3.6.1.2.1.25.4.2.1.3.1|6|1.3.6.1.4.1.25709.55")
listSNMPResponses.append("1.3.6.1.2.1.25.4.2.1.4.1|4|/opt/snmp/snmpsim/_agent.sh")
listSNMPResponses.append("1.3.6.1.2.1.25.4.2.1.5.1|4|-L")
listSNMPResponses.append("1.3.6.1.2.1.25.4.2.1.6.1|2|4")
listSNMPResponses.append("1.3.6.1.2.1.25.4.2.1.7.1|2|1")
i = 0

if True:
    packets = rdpcap(strFullCaptureFilePath)
    # Packets are zero indexed, so packet 1 in script is packet 2 in Wireshark GUI
    #for i in range(0,4):
    for packet in packets:
        print(f"Working on packet {i}")
        i = i + 1
        if SNMP in packet:
            snmp_layer = packet[SNMP]
            if isinstance(packet[SNMP].PDU,SNMPresponse):
                snmp_response = snmp_layer.getfield_and_val('PDU')[1]
                if hasattr(snmp_response, 'varbindlist') and snmp_response.varbindlist is not None:
                    for varbind in snmp_response.varbindlist:
                        strOID = varbind.oid.val if hasattr(varbind.oid, 'val') else str(varbind.oid)
                        strValue = varbind.value.val if hasattr(varbind.value, 'val') else str(varbind.value)
                        strType = type(varbind.value).__name__
                        if dictTags.get(strType):
                            iType = dictTags.get(strType)
                        else:
                            iType = strType

                        if isinstance(strValue, bytes):
                            print(f"Decoding {strValue}")
                            strValue = strValue.decode('utf-8',errors='ignore')

                        print(f"OID: {strOID}, Type: {strType}, Tag: {iType}, Value: {strValue}")
                        listSNMPResponses.append(f"{strOID}|{iType}|{strValue}")
            else:
                print(f"Not a response -- type is {type(packet[SNMP].PDU)}")
        elif Raw in packet:
            print(f"I have a raw packet at {i}")
        else:
            print(dir(packet))
            print(f"No SNMP or Raw in {i}: {packet}")

# Sort by OID numbers
listSortedSNMPResponses = sort_by_oid(listSNMPResponses)
f = open(f'/opt/snmp/snmpsim/data/{datetime.now().strftime("%Y%m%d")}-{strCaptureFileName.rsplit(".", 1)[0]}.deactivated', "w")
for strSNMPResponse in listSortedSNMPResponses:
    print(strSNMPResponse)
    f.write(strSNMPResponse)
    f.write("\n")
f.close()

This will create an snmpsim response file at /opt/snmp/snmpsim/data named as the capture file prefixed with the current year, month, and date. I.E. My ar.cap file results are /opt/snmp/snmpsim/data/20240705-ar.deactivated – you can then copy the file to whatever community string you want – cp 20240705-ar.deactivated CommunityString.snmprec